Set on the northern slope of the Fogo volcano, on São Miguel Island in the Azores, Caldeira Velha ranks among the archipelago’s most special places. Surrounded by luxuriant vegetation, with warm thermal waters and a dreamlike waterfall, this protected area offers the perfect setting to relax, learn about geothermal energy, and connect with nature.
Caldeira Velha © Visit Azores
Caldeira Velha is a Natural Monument and, moreover, an area of great geological and ecological interest. The landscape combines hot water emerging from the earth, volcanic rocks, mosses, tree ferns, and a humid climate, which, in turn, creates an environment reminiscent of a tropical forest. In addition, the hush of the valley and the drifting steam lend the place a truly immersive atmosphere.
Above all, the site is recognised for its iron-rich thermal pools and the famous hot-water waterfall. Furthermore, the environmental interpretation centre explains in simple terms the volcanic origin of the island and its geothermal phenomena, so visitors leave with both relaxation and insight.
Over thousands of years, successive volcanic eruptions shaped the island of São Miguel. Consequently, several volcanic complexes gave rise to calderas, lagoons, and fumarolic fields, turning the island into a true open-air natural laboratory.
Dominating the central region, the Fogo volcano feeds many of the area’s thermal springs, including those of Caldeira Velha. For this reason, the presence of hot water, vapours, and fumaroles is a constant reminder of the energy that still exists underground.
Rainwater seeps into the ground and descends to deeper layers, where it contacts rocks heated by magma. As it warms, it becomes less dense and rises to the surface as thermal springs. Along the way, the water dissolves minerals present in the volcanic rocks — especially iron — which explains the brownish colour and the traditional association with possible therapeutic properties. Therefore, visitors find a set of naturally heated pools and waterfalls, ideal for a relaxing bath.
Caldeira Velha lies on the island of São Miguel, Azores, on the road linking Lagoa do Fogo to Ribeira Grande. The entrance is well signposted; thus, access is straightforward for those travelling by car.
The most practical way to get there is by car or rental vehicle:
Although it is a winding mountain road, the route offers beautiful views over the valley and the ocean. Additionally, there is a car park close to the monument’s entrance.
Public transport on the island is limited and generally does not stop at the entrance to Caldeira Velha. If hiring a car is not of interest, consider the following:
Caldeira Velha can be visited all year round. However:
A highlight of any visit is the set of thermal pools, with different temperatures and depths. The setting is rustic and natural, with wooden walkways, rocks, and vegetation surrounding the hot-water ponds.
Water temperatures range from warm to quite hot; thus, soaking is ideal after a stroll. Because the brown colour comes from iron, it is normal and part of the experience.
One of the most photogenic spots at Caldeira Velha is the waterfall that drops into a natural pool. Here, the temperature is generally milder than in the smaller pools, which makes it perfect for spending tranquil time.
Framed by giant ferns and volcanic rocks, the scene feels almost cinematic. Even so, please respect other visitors and avoid lingering blockages near the waterfall.
Caldeira Velha Waterfall © Wikipedia
At the entrance to the complex there is a small interpretation centre that presents:
Overall, it is an excellent introduction for understanding what is observed in the field, both for adults and for children.
The area is dominated by tree ferns, mosses, lichens, and trees typical of a humid climate, forming a true green refuge. Moreover, several species are endemic to the Azores; consequently, conserving this area is of particular importance.
The mineral-rich waters — especially in iron — are traditionally associated with benefits for the skin and muscle relaxation. Even without seeking therapeutic effects, the simple act of immersing oneself in a natural, quiet environment is, in itself, deeply comforting.
Admission to Caldeira Velha is paid, and the ticket price may vary depending on whether it:
Therefore, it is recommended to check the latest prices and schedules on the official Caldeira Velha website before visiting, since seasonal changes may occur.
As it is a protected area, there are important rules; thus:
If clothing is light-coloured or new, a darker or older swimsuit is recommended, as the iron-rich water may stain.
Without a doubt, Caldeira Velha is one of the most enchanting places on São Miguel. Thanks to its thermal waters, lush green forest, well-maintained trails, and tranquil atmosphere, this natural monument becomes an almost compulsory stop for those visiting the island. Ultimately, whether relaxing in a hot bath, learning more about the geology of the Azores, or simply capturing memorable photographs, visitors will find an experience that is hard to forget.
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